Develop of photonic devices with one-way traffic lanes

The new research was carried out by MIT associate professor of mechanical engineering Nicholas X. Fang, recent PhD graduate from that department Anshuman Kumar, and four other researchers from the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and the University of Minnesota.

The work was reported in a paper in the journal Physical Review B.

Other groups had previously observed such separated flows, Fang says, but that previous work required the use of powerful magnetic fields. Instead, the new process relies largely on optical effects, he says, using beams of circularly polarised light.

The findings are based on exotic states of matter that can occur in two-dimensional materials that, unlike graphene, have a characteristic known as a bandgap, necessary for devices such as transistors or solar cells (and also in graphene that is modified to have a bandgap).

These states of matter are based on quantum physics phenomena such as Berry curvature, which occur in configurations known as massive Dirac systems. Although such systems are a hot area of research these days, the researchers say this particular class of phenomena, involving surface electromagnetic properties known as surface plasmons, has been relatively unexplored until now.

In the new work, the team showed that shining beams of circularly polarised light onto the graphene ribbons causes electrons in the material to cluster into two different "valleys" in the electronic band structure. The peculiar symmetry properties of this system gives rise to a phenomenon called Berry curvature, which can be thought of as an artificial magnetic field.

Under these conditions, these valleys correspond to motions of the plasmons—which are a kind of oscillation of electron density in the material—in opposite directions on the two edges of the material. The graphene ribbons are just 50 nanometers in width.

This effective magnetic field can be measured by sending in a second polarised beam, whose transmission can then be detected so that the changes in its polarisation give a direct measurement of the effects taking place in the surface plasmons.

"This is exciting," Fang explains, because it opens up a whole new approach to both manipulating the electromagnetic behavior of such systems and measuring the results of these manipulations.

This could suggest possibilities for new kinds of electro-optical devices, he says. For example, some experimental photonic systems require devices called optical isolators, which prevent beams of light in precision optical systems from being reflected back to their source and causing interference.

But these isolators, which require strong magnetic fields, are inherently bulky, he says, limiting the usefulness of such systems. "With this concept," he says, "it's possible to replace these bulky optical isolators with one monolayer of two-dimensional material."

With such a system, Kumar says, it should be possible "to do chip-scale optical isolation without the need for a magnetic field." To achieve the same degree of optical isolation that this system would provide with a beam of light, Kumar says, with a conventional system would require a magnetic field with a strength of 7 tesla—a very strong field that would require a special research facility. (By comparison, the Earth's magnetic field measures just 32 millionths of a tesla).

Theoretically, this could lead to applications such as new types of memory devices where information could be both written and read by using beams of polarised light, making them relatively immune to electromagnetic or other kinds of interference, the researchers say.

"The concept presented in this paper is very interesting and exciting," says Fengnian Xia, an assistant professor of engineering and science at Yale University, who was not involved in this work. He adds, "In the long run, it may be possible to construct an electrically tunable on-chip isolator based on this concept, which can be a very critical component in integrated optics."